The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves originating from the cervical spine (C5-T1) that extends through the shoulder into the arm, providing both motor and sensory functions. In conjunction with the peripheral nerves that branch off from this plexus, they control movement, sensation, and coordination in the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Damage or dysfunction within this network can significantly impact upper extremity function.

Causes

Injuries to the brachial plexus and peripheral nerves may result from various factors, including:

• Traumatic incidents such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, or sports-related injuries.
• Birth injuries, which can lead to conditions like Erb’s palsy.
• Compression syndromes, including thoracic outlet syndrome.
• Inflammatory or degenerative conditions, tumors, or infections affecting the nerve pathways.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms vary based on the location and severity of the nerve injury but commonly include:

• Weakness or paralysis in the affected areas.
• Numbness or loss of sensation.
• Pain, which may be sharp, burning, or tingling.
• Reduced coordination or difficulty with fine motor skills.
• In severe cases, complete loss of function in parts of the upper extremity.

Treatment

Treatment for brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries depends on the extent of the damage and may include:

• Conservative Management: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, medications for pain and inflammation, and splinting to support the affected area.
• Surgical Interventions: Options such as nerve repair, nerve grafting, or nerve transfers may be considered when non-surgical treatments are insufficient.
• Rehabilitation: Ongoing rehabilitation is crucial to maximize recovery, improve strength, and restore function.